Sawm (fasting) is one of the Five Pillars of Islam, making it a fundamental practice that every adult Muslim is required to observe during the holy month of Ramadan. Fasting in Islam is not just about abstaining from food and drink, but also from certain actions such as smoking, intimate relations, and sinful behavior, all in an effort to attain spiritual purity, self-discipline, and closeness to Allah.

The practice of fasting during Ramadan begins at dawn (Fajr) and ends at sunset (Maghrib). Muslims begin their fast with a pre-dawn meal called Suhoor, which is intended to provide energy for the day. Once the call to Fajr prayer is heard, they refrain from eating, drinking, and other prohibitive actions until the time of Iftar, when they break their fast with dates, water, and a light meal. This daily cycle continues throughout the month of Ramadan, with the fast being broken each evening at sunset.

Fasting serves as a means of spiritual purification, as it enables Muslims to strengthen their relationship with Allah, cultivate self-control, and increase empathy for those less fortunate. It also teaches patience, humility, and gratitude, as the physical act of hunger and thirst reminds believers of the blessings they often take for granted. Fasting allows Muslims to focus on their faith, engage in acts of worship, and increase their charity, seeking to earn rewards from Allah.

However, not everyone is required to fast during Ramadan. Exceptions are made for children, the elderly, those who are ill, travelers, and women who are menstruating or pregnant. In cases where fasting is difficult or impossible, compensatory actions such as fidya (feeding the poor) can be performed.

The end of Ramadan is marked by the celebration of Eid al-Fitr, a festive holiday where Muslims gather for prayer, give Zakat al-Fitr (charity), and share meals with family and friends. Fasting, as a central practice of Islam, offers physical, mental, and spiritual benefits, reminding Muslims of their dependence on Allah and the importance of maintaining righteousness in all aspects of life.